potato germplasm bank

dc.creator: Wittmeyer, E. C. en_US: dc.creator: Kelly, D. M. en_US: dc.creator: Lower, Floyd I. en_US: dc.creator: Precheur, R. J. en_US: dc.creator: Mindola, Phil In: the Origin of the Chilean Cultivated Potato, Solanum tuberosum Chilotanum Group(1). Cultivated Potato Germplasm Collection. 285-301.In: Salick, J., Konchar, K. & Nesbitt, M. (eds). [We will continue to test methods of selecting core collections for more efficient germplasm sampling. American Journal of Potato Research. We correspond meaningfully with recipients of each order to make sure their needs were completely met, ask for suggestions or other ways we could improve service. bank safeguards potato germplasm, protecting it from loss and making it available for breeders and scientists. Curating Biocultural Collections. Challenge 6: We must heighten environmental stewardship through the development of sustainable management practices. As described above, providing the germplasm itself enables advances in potato research and breeding. 2011. Staff attend all meetings of the advisory committee for genebank directors (PGOC) and the committee for the national germplasm management database (GRIN). Project Leader will continue as chairman of the Crop Germplasm Committee, which provides ~$10K in germplasm evaluation funds each year, expressly intended for evaluation of NRSP6 genebank stocks. Jansky. Since potato is a “prohibited” plant for import, he would have to negotiate APHIS quarantine and wait one or two years. We will continue to survey researchers for their needs, and assess gaps in the collection, then initiate the corresponding imports. BUSINESS PLAN: The FY16-20 budget proposal is to continue at a base $150K per year. We also serve researchers seeking to optimize germplasm management, and home gardeners and non-professional botanists. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. Continue the rapid delivery of high quality germplasm and information. Part time staff are UW. These activities are done in close collaboration with the Andean farmers and communities in the Peruvian highlands. Weber, B.N., Jansky, S.H. More exotic germplasm is available and used for potato than for any other major crop. Hold TAC meeting on-site every other year to report, tour facilities, provide “face time” with all local staff, and solicit management input from national experts. See Appendix E and F for details of structure and contributions. Lack (eds. Distribute germplasm, associated data and advice to all researchers and breeders in a timely, efficient, and impartial manner. Peru is home to the world’s biggest germplasm bank of potatoes, containing seeds, tissue culture and plants from 5,000 varieties. Over 70% of potato varieties grown in the US have germplasm in their pedigrees from the genebank, and all varieties released in the past five years do. Unpublished screening data of experiments conducted by cooperators was summarized and uploaded to GRIN. Over 70% of potato varieties grown in the US have germplasm in their pedigrees from the … The genebank at the International Potato Center (CIP) began with a donation from the Peruvian National Potato Program of approximately 1,800 potato accessions comprising traditional cultivars. Inadequate potassium intake would prevent an estimated 100,000 annual deaths due to sodium-induced high blood pressure, not to mention mitigate non-lethal strokes that are the leading cause of chronic, severe disability. As already mentioned, improved potato has outstanding potential to have a significant health and nutrition impact on a population basis because it already has a regular, high level of consumption across all demographic categories in the US. del Rio, Alfonso H., JB Bamberg, Ruth Centeno Diaz, J. Soto, A. Salas, W. Roca and D. Tay. cpDNA SSR POLYMORPHISM IN SECONDARY GERMPLASM OF POTATO MAINTAINED IN CZECH GENE BANK Dukagjin Zeka1,*, Petr Sedlak1, Vladimira Sedlakova1, Jakub Vasek1, Jaroslava Domkarova2 and Pavel Vejl1 1Department of Genetic and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life The effect of photoperiod on tuberisation in cultivated and wild potato species hybrids. Spooner, D.M. Ed. We will use our tissue culture facilities and expertise to start working on use of microbes for bioassays and as selection agents. Jansky, S.H., A. Hamernik, and Y.S. Asymmetric single-strand conformation polymorphism: an accurate and cost-effective method to amplify and sequence allelic variants. 2) The need for potato research and breeding is increasing. Seed Science and Technology 40:43-50. We are preparing tuber flesh samples from large subsets of the collection (like all the named cultivars) in preparation for contracted systematic evaluation panels of tuber quality and nutritional components. We will test all raw and advanced germplasm for value in breeding orange-fleshed Colombian Criolla-style specialty potato, test these for nutrients and anti-nutrients, and pursue inbred Criolla lines. The Potato Genebank in some respects is like a financial bank. It holds 4500 varieties of potato, 6000 varieties of sweetpotato and 21,000 ascensions. Train Summer Undergrad Student Interns on mini-research projects and general operations of a genebank. for returning member. Bamberg, J.B. 2011. Ercolano, L. Fruschiante, L. Monte, and D. Pignone. Am J Pot Res 89:33. Communication pieces. A total of 80 percent of the world’s potato and sweetpotato cultivars are housed at the gene bank. Custom materials for germplasm evaluation. Insertional mutagenesis using Tnt1 retrotransposon in potato. Some such work leads to formal publications. Unpublished screening data of experiments conducted by cooperators was summarized and uploaded to GRIN. Some estimates have been made of the economic return from germplasm utilization. ARS contributions. Potato still is susceptible to a large number of diseases and pests, making it a large user of chemical inputs. Compare, for example, to blueberries which have famous levels of antioxidants per serving, but are very expensive, and are eaten only in small quantities and irregularly. Classify germplasm. By clicking "I agree" and continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. 89:448-452. The collection was placed in the CIP Huancayo Experimental Station of Santa Ana-INIA Huancayo. Economic Botany 66:12-21. We will use our tissue culture facilities and expertise to start working on interaction of microbes and potato, particularly variation for potato as a prebiotic. There are numerous breeders, hundreds of thousands of seedlings grown for yearly selection, more sophisticated facets of evaluation, and more varieties being released. Records. Direct experienced base staff to tasks requiring technical expertise and reserve routine work for part-time staff. A test of taxonomic and biogeographic predictivity: resistance to soft rot in wild relatives of cultivated potato. Continue to advise on selection of research germplasm, and the most appropriate form and techniques by which to study or hybridize it. It is advantageous for vegetatively propagated crops like potato, sweet potato, cassava etc. The genebank is the focus of NRSP6, but we must keep in mind that the genebank has only a sample of what is available in the wild. In brief: The Project leadership is composed of ARS employees who must interact with ARS administration and be subject to performance evaluation related to NRSP6 service appointments. Vol 5, Vegetable, Springer Verlag, Berlin. Ovchinnikova, A., E. Krylova, T. Gavrilenko, T. Smekalova, M. Zhuk, S. Knaap, and D.M. Don't have an online profile? We will also use greenhouse and field resources at remote locations with cooperators at the UW-Hancock field station. Challenge 4: We must play a global leadership role to ensure a safe, secure, and abundant food supply for the United States and the world. 2011. Mechanisms for reporting. b. NRSP6 provides enabling technologies and materials. The Crop Germplasm Committees (CGC) are comprised of a cross section of NPGS users who provide technical support to NPGS genebanks and collections. Grants and Collaborators. Hirsch, K. Felcher, J. Coombs, D. Zarka, A. van Deynze, W. de Jong, R. Veilleux, S. Jansky, P. Bethke, D.S. Charging fees for services has been suggested several times in the past, but always determined to be impractical and counterproductive because implementation would be costly and complicated, it would depress germplasm distribution and use, and, it would contradict USDA policy of free exchange and perhaps inhibit donations of germplasm to NRSP6. Simon, R., A.F. 2011. NRSP6 does and coordinates all these things for the potato research community, avoiding the confusion, inefficiency and costs associated with duplication of these efforts by many individuals. There is increasing challenge to gather, format and distribute information with the greater speed and detail made possible with advances in data management technology. [We will do additional cooperative evaluation and development work on traits discovered/developed in the past project term: tuber pH, antioxidants, tomatine, anti-appetite and anti-cancer chemicals, folate, tuber calcium, frost tolerance, Zebra Chip resistance, tuber greening after illumination and associated glycoalkaloids, gibberellin and floral mutants. Jansky, and J. Jiang. 2014. Local NRSP6 staff are both UW and ARS employees. Douches, and C.R. 4) Potato is listed as "prohibited" by APHIS, making quarantine testing of all imports for one-two years necessary, at an estimated cost of over $4,000 per item. The significance of field work in monographic studies. Establish an email group and website with which to keep in regular contact with germplasm users and participate fully with GRIN. USDA/ARS and USDA/APHIS also provide data management services through GRIN, and for quarantine, respectively. Yield gains in potato: Contributing factors and future prospects. Am J Pot Res 89:31. NRSP6 is the NPGS working genebank for the top vegetable, so is perpetual in nature and national in scope. A healthy US populace can also have a higher standard of living due to more productivity and less need to spend the profits from that productivity on insurance, medical care and government intervention programs. Challenge 3: We must support energy security and the development of the bioeconomy from renewable natural resources in the United States. We give advice on germplasm use technology, or in personal correspondence associated with germplasm orders or cooperative research and evaluation projects. The Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research is located in Aberdeen, ID and is part of the Pacific West Area. Propagate. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) spreads mainly by vegetative propagation, and therefore this vegetable may have duplicate accessions in germplasm banks.The authors aimed to characterize morpho-agronomically the sweet potato germplasm from the Active Germplasm Bank (AGB) of Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS).The experiment was carried out at the … Buell. Phytopathology 102:214-221. Am J Pot Res 89:43. ... will continue to provide novel technologies that enter the marketplace, like inbred diploid varieties developed by Solynta. Continue conducting preliminary screening and characterization for novel traits and novel applications of exotic germplasm. ARS scientists will continue to seek grants and engage numerous state, federal, international, and industry collaborators who contribute expertise, facilities, equipment and funds to joint projects of mutual interest. Industry contributions: Gifts from private companies prove the practical value of NRSP6, and keep us tuned to the needs of the industry. Project Leader, US Potato Genebank-NRSP-6 (920) 743-5406 John.Bamberg@usda.gov. Spooner, D.M., and H. Ruess. Since sweet potato plants are vegetatively propagated and globally transported, they are prone to accumulate and disseminate geminiviruses. Press No if you want to continue work. A summary text form is provided below, with formatted quantification in the cited Appendix. Jansky. Single copy nuclear gene analysis of polyploidy in wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota). [We will investigate more porous potting medium for over-watering protection, techniques for promoting flowering, systems for training plant canopy for better growth, fine tune fertilization and germination methods. Continued significant funding and technical/administrative inputs on a multistate basis are seen as necessary to keep this partnership healthy and maintain this project’s impact and efficiency. [We will study predicted impact of climate change models. 2013. A test of taxonomic and biogeographic predictivity: Resistance to potato virus Y in wild relatives of the cultivated potato. Research using biocultural collections, pp. American Journal of Potato Research. We will pursue extension of clean tuber seed production systems in Latin American countries that need it to systematically evaluate NRSP6 germplasm.]. Preserve germplasm. We will continue to ask Potato Assn of America Breeding and Genetics section members for suggestions on how to improve service each year. (v) Capacity building of farmer communities to re-enforce long-term conservation strategies. Bamberg, J.B. and A.H. del Rio. Syst Bot 36:163-170. Germplasm can theoretically remain viable for centuries. As CGC chair, Project Leader must survey germplasm evaluation needs. Jansky, S.,Hamernik, A.,Cai, X. Spooner, I. Peralta, M. Cammareri, O. Perez, P. Termolino, P. Tripode, M.L. NRSP6 staff routinely give tours, talks to public school classes and other groups. The bank grown all seeds and compares their characters. These medical issues cost US society hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Exotic germplasm has had great genetic impact and opportunities. Fajardo, D. and D.M. 3:1003-1013. Plant Physiology 163:21-29. Movement of sweet potato germplasm In order to minimize risk, effective testing (indexing) procedures are required to ensure that distributed materials are free of pests of quarantine concern. NRSP6 publications and use of stock in new cultivars is documented in Appendix B. The collection is one of a network of international potato genebanks. In: T. Stuessy & W.H. Thus, the UW HORT potato research program is fully engaged in NRSP6 project activities pursuant to the enhancement of NRSP6 service. Pp 85. Other genebanks have faced financial problems or reorganization which has reduced their capacity to maintain availability of germplasm and services. At Universidad Nacional de Colombia the potato "criollas" germplasm bank is mantained. b) The identification of micro-centers of genetic diversity in need of conservation. HortSci Proc 46(11):1444-1445. Goyer, A., C Brown, R Knowles, L Knowles and JB Bamberg. ... appear in most of the improved new cultivars in the 10-15 year pipeline of conventional breeding. Am J Pot Res 88(6):493-499. The improved varieties comprise released varieties mainly by Latin-American countries and genetic stocks used to identify resistance to diseases (late blight, bacterial wild). (ii) Strengthening the dynamic conservation of genetic resources through: (iii) Strengthening the production of disease and insect clean tuber-seed by Andean farmers to benefit the families and communities. The Harold and Adele Lieberman Germplasm Bank Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI) Tel Aviv University, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences ; New Zealand - Arable crop genebank and online database, New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research So, dependence on raw materials we have in-country at NRSP6 is greater than ever. We participate in scientific, grower meetings, and field days and conduct collaborative research with a view to better understanding the needs of the industry and getting input regarding how NRSP6 can meet them. Germplasm data. Hybridization barriers between diploid Solanum tuberosum and wild Solanum raphanifolium. Annual Report, notes of accomplishments and plans in preliminary pages of annual Budget Requests, and TAC meeting minutes are on the web. PLEASE SEE ATTACHMENTS TO THIS NIMMS REPORT TO VIEW THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, THE FORMATTED WORD VERSION OF THIS REPORT AND THE APPENDICES (WHICH INCLUDES THE BUDGET). Giga-fren. Molecular Breeding. Spooner. Uribe, P., S. Jansky, and D. Halterman. Pro-rated, this is a total of $10-25 million per year for potatoes in the USA. DNA-marker-based studies will show us where genetic diversity is concentrated and vulnerable to loss, so we can prioritize stocks for preservation and optimize techniques as needed. Variation for tuber greening in the wild potato Solanum microdontum. Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae). Our responsibility is to collect, classify, preserve, distribute and evaluate potato germplasm,” … NRSP6 maintains email contact with 437 active cooperator/germplasm users, a 17% increase over the past project term. Avenida La Molina 1895, La Molina Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru, CIP thanks all donors and organizations that globally support its work through their contributions to the, Cryopreserved potato shoot tips showed genotype-specific response to sucrose concentration in rewarming solution (RS), Genome assembly of six polyploid potato genomes, Structural genome analysis in cultivated potato taxa, Understanding potato with the help of genomics (2017), Characterization and Quantitation of Anthocyanins and Other Phenolics in Native Andean Potatoes(2014), Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), Management of data includes annual updating and confirmation of species designation (, Development of interactive methods for conserving, a) The development of conservation strategies combining traditional practices and modern science to improve the management of biodiversity by farmers. For over 65 years, the important elements of funding and administration for NRSP6 have developed as a partnership of SAES, USDA/ARS, and UW. Such gifts totaled over $45K in each of the past two years. 2013. Chiusano, M.R. Studies will be done to improve the efficiency of growing, mating, and storing the stocks, providing results that help the genebank and our clients. The genebank now has nearly 6,000 stocks as seed populations and clones. Spooner. We studied the genomic diversity of geminiviruses present in naturally-infected sweet potato accessions belonging to a Brazilian germplasm bank collection. Initially, potato germplasm was conserved in the field however for over 30 years, these accessions have been maintained. S. Smith, B. Diers, B. All accessions in the collection are maintained and available for use in research, breeding and training by humanity now, and into the future. Duangpan, S., W. Zhang, Y. Wu, S.H. Predicting genetic richness at wild potato collection sites in Southeastern Arizona. The updated Genebank Standards for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture were endorsed by the Commission for Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA) at its Fourteenth Regular Session held from 15 – 19 April 2013.They update the FAO/IPGRI genebank standards which had been published in 1994. [We will set up better local quarantined greenhouse and sanitation methods to contain any suspected infections. 5) We need to reduce agrichemical inputs that are costly and may threaten the health of humans and the environment. We will continue studies on efficiency of rapid visual categorization (cogs) for partitioning diversity within taxa.]. To do so, continue to invest time in keeping “in touch” with the science by studying the literature, training students, participating in professional societies and collaborating with many state and federal potato researchers in the US and with our counterparts in potato genebanks abroad. Curating DNA specimens, pp. Curating Biocultural Collections. The Commonwealth Potato Collection is the UK’s genebank of landrace and wild potatoes held in trust by the James Hutton Institute with the support of the Scottish Government. NRSP6 staff: 2014. Associated base research budgets from ARS scientists and various sources of outside grant funds also support technical research, labor, supplies and equipment that directly enhance NRSP6 service. The mission of the NPGS is to support agricultural production by acquiring, conserving, evaluating, documenting, and distributing crop germplasm. scielo-abstract. NRSP6 is designated the sole official NPGS project filling the role of working potato genebank for the US. Jansky. Evaluation initiated by staff and done in-house or with cooperators covered a broad range of topics pursuant to more efficient mining of the value of NRSP6 germplasm. We will test fertilization effect on long-term germination. CSSA, Madison, WI. Evaluate the collection for as many important traits as possible. Regnum Veg 153:25-32. We will digitize PTIS herbarium records and link them to GRIN provenance records. The collection comprises around 1500 accessions of about 80 wild and cultivated potato species. CIP began cryopreserving potatoes in 1996 and after experimenting with a wide range of protocols and variables, the CIP genebank adopted a PVS2-droplet method, originally developed for the Musa (banana) collection. 2014. Am J Pot Res 88:398-402. He would need to determine breeding system, requirements for growth, and interspecific crossing. NRSP6 staff will continue to evaluate and develop mutants and other selections that will be formally deposited in the genebank. They serve as subject matter experts to guide curatorial staff on best practices, including the priorities and techniques for characterizing the collections. Challenge 5: We must improve human health, nutrition, and wellness of the U.S. population. 2011. Attacking the acrylamide dilemma by developing low sugar high carotenoid processing potatoes. Gavrilenko, O.,A. Khiutti, A.,Afanasenko, O.,Antonova, O.,Shuvalov, O.,Novikova, L.,Krylova, E.,Chalaya, N.,Mironenko, N.,Spooner, D.M.,Gavrilenko, T. Characterization of resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum in cultivated potato accessions from the collection of Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry. Diversity relationships among wild potato collections from seven “Sky Island” mountain ranges in the Southwest USA. Carver, and J. Specht. After extensive research involving the identification and removal of duplicates, the active cultivated potato collection now total 4,727 accessions including 4,354 traditional landrace cultivars from 17 countries (mainly from the Andean region) and improved varieties. Safeguard. The optimal scheme for the potato crop is to use germplasm to make gains in all three areas: less input costs, higher yield per area of land, and higher quality. Jansky, S.H., H. Dempewolf, E.L. Camadro, R. Simon, E. Zimnoch-Guzowska, D. Bisognin, and R. Simon, and M. Bonierbale. PARS provides the physical location of NRSP6, and coordination between the objectives of the two programs takes place on a daily basis. Exotic germplasm has had great genetic impact and opportunities. Chung. Chung, Y.S., K. Holmquist, D.M. NRSP6 has become the world leader in developing such information and tools by examining specific practical questions with DNA markers, often using materials from collecting expeditions organized and conducted by genebank staff. If it did not exist in the US or he could not find or obtain it from a fellow US researcher, he would need to organize an expedition to Latin America. Increase seedlots at the rate of greater than 200 per year for a 25-30 year cycle. Chung, and P. Kittipadukal. NRSP6 has led the effort to coordinate the activities of world genebanks through the Association of Potato Intergenebank Collaborators (APIC). Plant Germplasm The National Plant Germplasm System (NGPS) is a collaborative effort to safeguard the genetic diversity of agriculturally important plants. 53:1-9. Thus, study and appropriate action to make the genebank collection the best it can be is crucial. Rapid high throughput amylose determination in freeze dried potato tuber samples. Research supported by NRSP6 will continue to find ways to make a crop that is more efficient at using fertilizer and water inputs and can naturally resist pests and diseases. The initial focus on the germplasm collection was to eliminate mixtures, atypical plants and plants with virus symptoms. 2011. Haynes, and S.H. Potato has had obvious appeal—it is relatively cheap, good-tasting in many forms, and filling. Potato is cultivated across a broader range of latitudes than any other major crop. Potato Genebank is just that a bank containing 5,000 populations kept as botanical seed, encompassing about 150 species. This is the heart of what NRSP6 aims to promote. A good way to understand the importance of NRSP6 is to imagine the situation if no genebank was present for an individual researcher wanting to use exotic potato relatives. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Crop Science. del Rio, Alfonso H., JB Bamberg, Ruth Centeno-Diaz, A. Salas, W. Roca and D. Tay. Use of native potatoes for research and breeding. Egan, A.N.,Schlueter, J.,Spooner, D.M. Germplasm is usually seed, or it can be another plant part -- a stem, a leaf, or pollen, for example, or even just a few cells that can be cultured into a whole plant. R&D for best techniques and tools for germplasm collecting, preservation, and evaluation. Bamberg, J.B., A.H. del Rio and J. Penafiel. Local administration is by the ARS Project Leader, ARS and UW staff and associated ARS scientists and administration at Madison. Plant germplasm contains the genetic information for the plant’s hereditary makeup. 7) Technology has increased the possibilities for germplasm use making it more valuable. Human resources. Over 25% of germplasm distributions go to ESCOP scientists. The primary recipients of our service are breeders and the scientists doing research that supports breeding. About 50% of the four-fold advance in potato yields have been due to genetic improvement and about 1% of annual value of all crops may be credited to exotic germplasm. American Journal of Potato Research 89:348-391. The collection was placed in the CIP Huancayo Experimental Station of Santa Ana-INIA Huancayo. ... provide valuable genes in exotic potato that can be efficiently moved to modify popular existing cultivars already having consumer acceptance (e.g., transgenics and Simplot's Innate lines). Genebank staff are actively working on modeling climate change and predicting impact on in situ populations. Wild crop relatives: Genomic and breeding resources. We will: Manage staff time and budget to maximize efficiency and flexibility. NRSP6 staff are fully engaged in state potato programs. US and world production has grown impressively in the past five years. 2011. Details by state and region are presented in Appendix A4. To avoid the wasted time and expense of having quarantine repeatedly process the same material for multiple importers, we need the coordination, information and preservation provided by NRSP6. NRSP6 does not address this challenge. NRSP6 stakeholders are researchers, breeders, those who use their product (producers), food suppliers, and, ultimately, consumers. 2011. The updated Genebank Standards comprise … 1) No other public or private programs have come forward to provide the unique services of NRSP6. 90:351-356. 2013. Challenge 2: We must adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change on food, feed, fiber, and fuel systems in the United States. Addressing the impact of temperature stress on potato production: merging physiological and genetic approaches. Antonova, L. Ovchinnikova, L. Novikova, E. Krylova, N. Mironenko, G. Pendinen, 1, A. Islamshina, N. Shvachko, S. Kiru, L. Kostina, O. Afanasenko, and D. Spooner. Genome 55:407-415. In the past project term NRSP6 has met this need by freely and promptly distributing materials and doing the associated work that supports these distributions. M6: A diploid inbred line for use in breeding and genetics research. Spooner. ), Monographic Plant Systematics: Fundamental Assessment of Plant Biodiversity. Phylogenetic relationships of Solanum series Conicibaccata and related species in Solanum section Petota inferred from five conserved ortholog sequences. Project direction will be accomplished through a Technical Advisory Committee and USDA/ARS National Plant Germplasm System leadership. Describe your bug clearly, including the steps you used to create it. Orders remained strong in the past project term, and were filled within one week of receipt. Here we investigate to what extent the genetic variation of Bolivian wild potato species is maintained under gene bank … 2013. Bmc Evolutionary Biology 12: Other initiatives that will contribute to these general goals are increasing net yield by reducing storage losses, and capitalizing on virtual demand by removing the physiological limits to potato production due to the climate, diseases and pests. 2013. 2011. Palta, J. and J. Bamberg. Engage stakeholders. 16896_NRSP6_FY16-20_COMPLETE_PROPOSAL.pdf, 16896_NRSP6_FY16-20_EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf. Genetic improvements via NRSP6 germplasm are resulting in a more productive, versatile, profitable, nutritious and environmentally safe potato crop. Solanum section Lycopersicon, pp 129-216. Most of Latin America is currently closed to US germplasm collecting. 6) Physiological constraints such as a need for cold tolerance (applied especially to the mountain growing regions like the Andes but everywhere subject to the global cycle of wider weather fluctuations), heat and CO2 (global warming), water and fertilizer use efficiency (loss of water rights, phosphates in lakes, nitrates in groundwater, energy costs for pumping water and making fertilizer) have increased, as well as a general need to increase the adapted range of potato to production areas where it would increase food security and benefit the world economy.

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