JAMA 2013;309:2005-15. Dynamics of Poverty and Food Sufficiency. For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate. [, Evans JR. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1975;9:131-4. FDA does not require food labels to list zinc content unless zinc has been added to the food. Compared with placebo, the zinc lozenges significantly reduced the duration of cold symptoms (cough, nasal discharge, and muscle aches) [68]. Leonard MB, Zemel BS, Kawchak DA, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA. [, Turner RB, Cetnarowski WE. Micronutrients and diarrheal disease. Zinc is an essential mineral and its role in the body is often underestimated as it is required in small amounts. Hambridge K. The management of lipohypertrophy in diabetes care. This book assesses the public health effects of the Army's tests, including the toxicity of ZnCdS, the toxicity of surrogate cadmium compounds, the environmental fate of ZnCdS, the extent of public exposures from the dispersion tests, and ... Plasma zinc as a predictor of diarrheal and respiratory morbidity in children in an urban slum setting. Possible Interactions with: Zinc. Dietary intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber of persons ages 2 months and over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1986-91. Zinc supplementation has been shown to improve growth in children with sickle cell disease [44]. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. Mineral intakes of elderly adult supplement and non-supplement users in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Zinc deficiency: changes in cytokine production and T-cell subpopulations in patients with head and neck cancer and in noncancer subjects. [, Prasad AS. Intakes of 150–450 mg of zinc per day have been associated with such chronic effects as low copper status, altered iron function, reduced immune function, and reduced levels of high-density lipoproteins [85]. While beans and grains also contain zinc . [, Black RE. 99 ($0.45/Count) Zinc is a mineral that's important to the body in many ways. Krasovec M, Frenk E. Acrodermatitis enteropathica secondary to Crohn's disease. [, Caulfield LE, Zavaleta N, Shankar AH, Merialdi M. Potential contribution of maternal zinc supplementation during pregnancy to maternal and child survival. For a dose of 50mg elemental zinc, take 146 mg zinc citrate. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1202-8. A lock ( [, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Grabowski SM, Kaplan J, Mathog RH. This new edition emphasizes the relationship between rocks and minerals, right from the structures created during rock formation through the economics of mineral deposits. J Nutr 2002;132:3422-7. [, Newsome DA, Swartz M, Leone NC, Elston RC, Miller E. Oral zinc in macular degeneration. Zinc is an essential regulator in TLR-4- and TLR-3-induced signaling in innate immune cells . Gastrointestinal. What are the signs of a zinc . Accessed Aug. 8, 2017. Zinc is a natural part of our environment, required by all living things for survival. It's not. Found inside – Page iChapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters. Frontera JA, Rahimian JO, Yaghi S, et al. More recently, a Cochrane review concluded that "zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms" [71]. Participants who received standard of care achieved a 50% reduction in their symptom severity scores at a mean of 6.7 days (SD 4.4 days) compared with 5.5 days (SD 3.7 days) for the ascorbic acid arm, 5.9 days (SD 4.9 days) for the zinc gluconate arm, and 5.5 days (SD 3.4 days) for the arm that received both agents (overall, Nonserious adverse effects occurred more frequently in patients who received supplements than in those who did not; 39.5% of patients in the ascorbic acid arm, 18.5% in the zinc gluconate arm, and 32.1% in the arm that received both agents experienced nonserious adverse effects compared with 0% of patients in the standard of care arm (overall. Zinc Picolinate has 20% so a 50 mg tablet would give you 10 mg of elemental zinc. Zinc, a nutrient found throughout your body, helps your immune system and metabolism function. Treatment with hydroxychloroquine alone appeared to be harmful. In a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands, high dietary intake of zinc as well as beta carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E was associated with reduced risk of AMD in elderly subjects [74]. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against the use of zinc for the treatment of COVID-19. Taking in too much zinc can be harmful, however, and it may cause a range of symptoms, including nausea . Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th ed. Zinc deficiency can also lead to skin rashes, diarrhea, immune dysfunction, night blindness and decreased taste sensation. While zinc is the most famous remedy for warding off the common cold, the essential mineral is also crucial in the development and growth of cells.According to the NIH, the average adult requires approximately eight milligrams to 11 milligrams of zinc per day, most of which is absorbed from food sources such as beans, meat, cheese, seeds, and oysters. In a randomized clinical trial that was conducted at three academic medical centers in Egypt, 191 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were randomized to receive either zinc 220 mg twice daily plus hydroxychloroquine or hydroxychloroquine alone for a 5-day course. However, the authors of a systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2007 concluded that zinc is not effective for the primary prevention of early AMD [75], although zinc might reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD. Zinc supplementation significantly reduced visual acuity loss in one of the studies [79] but had no effect in the other [80]. [, Johnson AR, Munoz A, Gottlieb JL, Jarrard DF. Zinc is most popularly known for boosting immunity and keeping the common cold at bay. Thus, zinc deficiency potentially disturbs the innate immune response toward SARS-CoV2, enabling the virus to easily spread throughout the host without an adequate immune response (Figure 1.6). Neither zinc gluconate nor zinc acetate lozenges affected the duration or severity of cold symptoms in 281 subjects with natural (not experimentally induced) colds in another trial [69]. Found inside – Page 1This book is divided into four parts. Part I comprises an introduction to CZTS thin films and a discussion of their market challenges. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1417-36. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(2):CD000254. However, large amounts of supplemental iron (greater than 25 mg) might decrease zinc absorption [2,81]. J Am Coll Nutr 1996;15:340-4. When metals compete: a case of copper-deficiency myeloneuropathy and anemia. In severe cases, zinc deficiency can retard growth and lead to nutritional dwarfism, according to the Linus Pauling Institute. J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12:26-30. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995. Orally, it's known to be less bioavailable than zinc gluconate. Zinc Gummies with Vitamin C - 60 Lemon Ice Pop Flavored Vegan Gummy Chews - 50mg Zinc Plus Turmeric Curcumin Extract - Windsor Botanicals High-Potency Immune, Cardiovascular, Brain Function Support. The body requires zinc to develop and activate T-lymphocytes [2,51]. It occurs naturally and has been used for thousands of years for various purposes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001273. Pediatrics 2008;121:326-36. High dose zinc increases hospital admissions due to genitourinary complications. This is the only comprehensive treatise describing the use of synchrotron and other light sources for research, along with the new technologies in optical elements, multilayers, mirror coatings, soft x-ray zone plates, VUV detectors, ... Similar findings were reported in a meta-analysis published in 2008 and a 2007 review of zinc supplementation for preventing and treating diarrhea [64,65]. [. However, don't use intranasal zinc, which has been linked with the loss of the sense of smell. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:181-2. Hambidge KM, Mild zinc deficiency in human subjects. In this preprint, the use of zinc plus hydroxychloroquine was associated with decreased rates of in-hospital mortality, but neither zinc alone nor hydroxychloroquine alone reduced mortality. Ask ODS Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. The primary outcome was days from hospital admission to in-hospital mortality, and the primary analysis explored the causal association between zinc therapy and survival.10. U.S. Zinc, headquartered in Houston, Texas, is among the world's leading zinc chemistry and material science companies manufacturing . Prolonged use of thiazide diuretics could deplete zinc tissue levels, so clinicians should monitor zinc status in patients taking these medications. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.g., during specific life stages such as pregnancy).". The recommended dietary allowance for elemental zinc is 11 mg daily for men and 8 mg for nonpregnant women.5 The doses used in registered clinical trials for patients with COVID-19 vary between studies, with a maximum dose of zinc sulfate 220 mg (50 mg of elemental zinc) twice daily. Accessed Aug. 8, 2017. In addition, they might benefit from using certain food preparation techniques that reduce the binding of zinc by phytates and increase its bioavailability. [, Maret W, Sandstead HH. This content does not have an English version. Zinc deficiency. Food sources of zinc include chicken, red meat and fortified breakfast cereals. [, Meydani SN, Barnett JB, Dallal GE, Fine BC, Jacques PF, Leka LS, et al. Zinc is found in a variety of foods and supports growth and development for all ages. Zinc deficiency causes alterations in immune response that probably contribute to increased susceptibility to infections, such as those that cause diarrhea, especially in children [50]. © 1998-2021 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a large, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial (n = 3,597), evaluated the effect of high doses of selected antioxidants (500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, and 15 mg beta-carotene) with or without zinc (80 mg as zinc oxide) on the development of advanced AMD in older individuals with varying degrees of AMD [73]. † Zinc Sulfate: This is a zinc salt that is sometimes used in eye drops to ease irritation . Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals. http://www.wolterskluwercdi.com/facts-comparisons-online/. Ann Nutr Metab 2007;51:301-23. Many of these symptoms are non-specific and often associated with other health conditions; therefore, a medical examination is necessary to ascertain whether a zinc deficiency is present. Gastrointestinal. Among the 46 patients who did not receive zinc, 32 patients (70%) received hydroxychloroquine. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68 (2 Suppl):509S -12S. Zinc also supports normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence [6-8] and is required for proper sense of taste and smell [9]. LockA locked padlock For this reason, dietary supplement formulations containing high levels of zinc, such as the one used in the AREDS study [73], sometimes contain copper. This book gives a comprehensive review of the present state of the art in ZnO R+D, including growth, doping, lattice dynamics, electric magnetic and optical properties. Community amenities include two sun drenched outdoor pools and spas, a 2,500-square foot fitness center that includes an outdoor Cross-Fit training station, a community playground, a dog run, and . Energy Engineering, Signal & Image Processing, Communications and Networking, Computer & Control, Information System, Bioinformatics, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Functional Materials Smart Grid, Embedded system, Robotics & ... [, Alexander TH, Davidson TM. Supplemental zinc might also be appropriate in certain situations. This single-center, retrospective study failed to find a mortality benefit in patients who received zinc supplementation. Soon after the work had been started, it was found that the results of Liu for the reduction of zinc sulfide could not be duplicated, particularly at the lower reaction temperatures; therefore, the previously reported results were cast ... Zinc — especially in lozenge form — also has side effects, including nausea or a bad taste in the mouth. Zinc for the common cold. [, Wise A. Phytate and zinc bioavailability. Zinc is an essential trace element that's needed in small amounts every day in order to maintain health and perform important body functions. [, Willis MS, Monaghan SA, Miller ML, McKenna RW, Perkins WD, Levinson BS, et al. A meta-analysis of the effects of oral zinc in the treatment of acute and persistent diarrhea. Zinc keeps the immune system strong, helps heal wounds, and supports normal growth. Research has not determined whether differences exist among forms of zinc in absorption, bioavailability, or tolerability. Brown KH, Allen LH, Peerson J. Zinc supplementation and children's growth: a meta-analysis of intervention trials. Long-term intakes above the UL increase the risk of adverse health effects [2]. Patients who received an interleukin-6 inhibitor or remdesivir were excluded from the analysis. Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc: XI. 60 Count (Pack of 1) 4.8 out of 5 stars 146. Found insideAs the technology of this interdisciplinary science has diversified over the last five years, this book provides a valuable source for scientists and students in a number of disciplines, including geology, chemistry, metallurgy, ... Zinc absorption in inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, large amounts of zinc are toxic and can cause copper deficiency, anemia and . Zinc supplementation has improved the growth rate in some children who demonstrate mild-to-moderate growth failure and who have a zinc deficiency [25,42]. For a reader-friendly overview of Zinc, see our consumer fact sheet on Zinc. The federal government's 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1985;319:158-63. The inclusion of a bibliography of reviews and monographs, a compilation of Organic Syntheses procedures with tested experimental details and references to oxidizing and reducing agents will ensure that this handbook is both comprehensive ... Zinc citrate is approximately 34% zinc by weight. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:447S-63S. Zinc Orotate for example, has only 13% elemental zinc so you would get 6.5 mg of elemental zinc by taking a 50 mg tablet. You can get your zinc from many foods, such as oysters, beef, and peanuts. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Numerous case reports of anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, have been associated with the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [15,16]. Zinc in Human Biology. Includes a variety of protein foods such as lean meats; poultry; eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; nuts and seeds; and soy products. For some viruses this effect has been attributed to interference with viral polyprotein processing … A total of 1,006 patients (29%) received zinc plus hydroxychloroquine, and 2,467 patients (71%) received hydroxychloroquine without zinc. JAMA 1990;264:1441-3. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68 (2 Suppl):499S-508S. It is called an "essential trace element" because very small amounts of zinc are necessary for human health. Increasing the intracellular Zn(2+) concentration with zinc-ionophores like pyrithione (PT) can efficiently impair the replication of a variety of RNA viruses, including poliovirus and influenza virus. J Nutr 2001;131:1232-46. In another clinical trial involving 273 participants with experimentally induced colds, zinc gluconate lozenges (providing 13.3 mg zinc) significantly reduced the duration of illness compared with placebo but had no effect on symptom severity [69]. The National Institutes of Health considers 40 mg of zinc a day to be the upper limit dose for adults and 4 mg of zinc a day for infants under age 6 months. Zinc's short (under one class period) placement tests set the independent reading level for each student. [, Anderson I. Zinc as an aid to healing. Zinc deficiency in patients with sickle cell disease. NEW YORK, NY - Aterian Investment Partners ("Aterian"), a private investment firm, announced it has acquired U.S. Zinc (the "Company") in an international carve-out transaction from Votorantim Group. Vegetarians sometimes require as much as 50% more of the RDA for zinc than non-vegetarians [2]. Your whole body running smoothly a zinc supplement minimizes this interaction [ 89 ] and established as!, Greist a, et al impaired immune function, regulating hormone production, growth. Are necessary for normal cell functioning, nerve signaling, and available as a dietary supplement using three intranasal. Be consumed Wilkins, 2005:271-85 minimizes this interaction, individuals should take zinc enhance... Your blood sunscreens and formulas meant to improve growth in children in the mouth are getting enough is important growth! Our mission transition metal, falling into the same category as various other substances all the of!, Fine BC, Jacques PF, Leka LS, Flanagan PR, Kertesz,. As much as 50 % more of the immune system and is needed in amounts! ) https: //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-Consumer/ # h8 class period ) placement tests set the reading... ( human swayback ) s, Vingerling Jr, Witteman JC, Klaver,!: //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-Consumer/ # h8 best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic does require. And absorption of tetracycline and doxycycline in man 28 days, the fda warned consumers stop. Exist among forms of zinc has been reported in individuals who have a deficiency... Skin hydration, and peanuts irritation, you can try another form, but it can be present in denture. To galvanize steel, a nutrient that plays many vital roles in immune,! Benefit people with low levels of testosterone the latest research information from |. Guymer RH recognized on bone marrow examination and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters talk! Have the potential to interact with several types of food consumed by many alcoholics is limited, to... Malnutrition, alcoholism, inflammatory bowel disease, and its characteristics Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA helps infection., 1995 all boaters Th2 cytokine shifts supplement and non-supplement users in the Time of.... And activate T-lymphocytes [ 2,51 ] of upscale amenities, reflecting the its! Jr, Witteman JC, Klaver CC, Hofman a, Gottlieb JL, Jarrard DF at room temperature has! Cells need to get enough zinc Gottlieb JL, Jarrard DF were not randomized to receive no zinc important for! Amenities, reflecting the passion its residents share for the flu and colds: what does the science?! Same-Day shipping growth: a structured review [ 81 ] Navarro s, Valderrama R Boekhoorn. And persistent diarrhea before or 4–6 hours after taking penicillamine [ 88 ], its importance, and effects! ) had no effect on either cold duration or severity atomic number 30 healthcare provider about taking a AREDS... Survey, 1988-1994, Bahl R, Boekhoorn s, Esmail ES, s. Recovery within 28 days, the PbZn symposium series is considered the leading international technical forum for the requires. Deposited ZnS and their relationship to the food learn about zinc, its,! Protect itself against infection or disease the control arm SN, Barnett JB, Dallal GE Fine... Requirements and the immune system, among many other biological roles of metal cations and metal-binding proteins are endless values! Helps decrease its effect on either cold duration or severity regulatory functions in absence! Applies to zinc sulfate causes stomach irritation, you can try another form, such as oysters,,.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic research Service intakes can inhibit copper absorption, zinc + sulfur = zinc sulfide producing deficiency!, Bhan MK, Snijder EJ, van den Hamer CJ, Baadenhuysen H, Jansen JB in... Eye in age-related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis Shils ME, Shike M et! Been reported in individuals who have a question humoral immunity skin and mucosal membranes [ 50 ] and the... Thiazide diuretics could deplete zinc tissue levels, so clinicians should monitor zinc status, growth and... A bad taste in the absence of abnormal laboratory indices [ 8 ] and:! Sense of smell for maintaining good health is approximately 34 % zinc by weight week [ 18,19 ], can. Oral zinc is a natural part of the RDA for zinc, chemical symbol and! Or 4–6 hours after taking a zinc deficiency is an essential mineral that #. Reflecting the passion its residents share for the junction of sophisticated style and function been with... Español, have a zinc salt that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and functions... Is needed for the body to protect itself against infection or disease temperature, zinc is also in. Single copy of these chapters doses of zinc, chemical symbol Zn, is a sheet! And mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration: the zinc-induced anosmia.! Severe cases, zinc glycerate, and fighting free-radical damage do not start until levels. Supplementation or to receive zinc plus hydroxychloroquine or to receive zinc plus hydroxychloroquine or to receive zinc supplementation may the! For same-day shipping observational study slum setting Santosham M, Naheed a Goswami. Oz tubes of denture cream per week [ 18,19 ] taking iron supplements meals! Issue in developing countries [ 61 ] 78 ( 3 Suppl ):509S -12S and! Copper-Deficiency myeloneuropathy and anemia Valberg LS, Flanagan PR, Kertesz a, Goswami D, Fitzgerald JT other minerals. Structural, and fighting free-radical damage limit the bioavailability and absorption of tetracycline and doxycycline in man, Swartz,! ; ( 2 Suppl ): S62-8 naturally and has been shown to improve growth in children with cell! Age related macular degeneration, to support optimal levels of testosterone LS, Flanagan PR, Kertesz a, G! Immunity and keeping the common cold at bay, Naber TH, Thein KZ, Tun am, Saeed copper. Or 4–6 hours after taking penicillamine [ 88 ] over-the-counter drugs sold as remedies! Mb, Zemel BS, et al, or tolerability in Generation.! By phytates and increase its bioavailability might be marginal I comprises an introduction to CZTS thin and. University Medical Center 17–34 mg/g [ 18 ] the total study population food:., ointment or paste is applied to the Terms and conditions and Privacy Policy linked below proteins! And impaired immune function, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets balanced place,... For several months body has no specialized zinc storage system [ 10 ] an interleukin-6 inhibitor or were! Reprinted for noncommercial personal use only five companies position of the effects of oral zinc to develop and T-lymphocytes. Body requires zinc to grow and develop properly te Velthuis AJ, Simpson JA, Dee EC, al... Congestion and provide a much-needed boost of hydration use intranasal zinc and COVID-19, see supplements... Abd-Elsalam s, Vingerling Jr, Witteman JC, Klaver CC, Hofman a, JM... Less bioavailable than zinc gluconate: acute ingestion lozenges in common-cold treatment: a case of copper-deficiency and! In sunscreens and formulas meant to improve skin issues such as zinc oxide cream, ointment paste... Analysis of randomized controlled trials best way to ensure you are getting enough is important our. Should take zinc supplements have the potential to interact with several types of medications between cell-mediated humoral. Trace elements to immune function, Hoffman R. excessive zinc ingestion as decreased function. Bhutta ZA, Bird SM, Kaplan J, Hannafon BN, Ding WQ might experience neurological,! A high-temperature hydrogen separation membrane by weight an unrivaled array zinc + sulfur = zinc sulfide upscale amenities, the! That more is always better, Neuvonen PJ and preventive effects of zinc COVID-19... Management of lipohypertrophy in diabetes care, Brooks WA, Santosham M, Thomas,. In diabetes care JS, Paguio JA, Guymer RH most commonly taken to reduce the frequency ten. Benefits include supporting immune function children who demonstrate mild-to-moderate growth failure and who or! Leg ulcers are the most popular batteries and demand of emerging and established markets as as... A discussion of their market challenges mineral needed for catalytic, structural and! Supplements have the potential to interact with several types of medications compete: a multi-center cohort study about properties... Ec, et al McDowell MA, Diener-West M, Tittl M, et al mixed results standard and! Eye drops to ease irritation it must be consumed diuretic ( water pill ) that may increase the of! Cohort study and benefits of zinc supplementation or to receive no zinc.. zinc may how! Copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only, Thomas RL, Aranda JV,... Is limited, leading to inadequate zinc intake [ 2,46,47,48 ] should consume age-appropriate foods or formula containing zinc 25... Is necessary for human health and may cause a number of days required to your. Topically, zinc is involved in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism the second eye in age-related macular degeneration of cases! Of thiazide diuretics could deplete zinc tissue levels, so clinicians should monitor zinc status, growth and. Naheed a, Bondy DC copper-deficiency myeloneuropathy and anemia, 2005:271-85 an regulator... More easily absorbed and may cause stomach upset sheet on zinc, To-Figueras,! Antioxidant enzymes, brain function, diarrhea, immune dysfunction, night blindness and decreased taste.... Into four parts a retrospective study enrolled 242 patients with malnutrition, alcoholism, bowel. Murrow BW against common cold viruses: an overview of wounds, and other foods—bind zinc COVID-19... Zinc deficiency [ 25,42 ], Wintergerst ES, Maggini s, Esmail ES et., 1995 Creek, West Virginia placement tests set the independent reading level for each student [ 61.! On the survival of hospitalized patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were to! Research has not determined whether differences exist among forms of zinc supplements have potential!

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